Let $M$ be a compact oriented irreducible $3$-manifold which is neither a graph manifold nor a hyperbolic manifold. We prove that $\pi _1M$ is virtually special.
1. Introduction
A compact connected oriented irreducible $3$-manifold with arbitrary, possibly empty boundary is mixed if it is not hyperbolic and not a graph manifold. A group is special if it is a subgroup of a right-angled Artin group. Our main result is the following.
As explained below, Theorem 1.1 has the following consequence.
An alternative definition of a special group is the following. A nonpositively curved cube complex $X$ is special if its immersed hyperplanes do not self-intersect, are two-sided, do not directly self-osculate or interosculate (see Definition 6.1). A group $G$ is (compact) special if it is the fundamental group of a (compact) special cube complex $X$. Then $G$ is a subgroup of a possibly infinitely generated right-angled Artin group Reference HW08, Thm 4.2. Conversely, a subgroup $G$ of a right-angled Artin group is the fundamental group of the corresponding cover $X$ of the Salvetti complex, which is special. Note that if the fundamental group $G$ of a special cube complex $X$ is finitely generated, then a minimal locally convex subcomplex $X'\subset X$ containing a $\pi _1$-surjective finite graph in $X^1$ has finitely many hyperplanes and is special so that $G$ embeds in a finitely generated right-angled Artin group.
Special groups are residually finite. Moreover, assuming that $X$ has finitely many hyperplanes, the stabilizer in $G$ of any hyperplane in the universal cover $\widetilde{X}$ of $X$ is separable (see Corollary 6.8). For $3$-manifold groups, separability of a subgroup corresponding to an immersed incompressible surface implies that in some finite cover of the manifold the surface lifts to an embedding. There are immersed incompressible surfaces in graph manifolds that do not lift to embeddings in a finite cover Reference RW98.
There are a variety of groups with the property that every finitely generated subgroup is separable; for instance, this was shown for free groups by M. Hall and for surface groups by Scott. A compact $3$-manifold is hyperbolic if its interior is homeomorphic to a quotient of $\mathbb{H}^3$ (equivalently to the quotient of the interior of the convex hull of the limit set) by a geometrically finite Kleinian group. It was recently proved that hyperbolic $3$-manifolds with an embedded geometrically finite incompressible surface have fundamental groups that are virtually compact special Reference Wis17, Thm 16.1 and 16.28. This implies separability for all geometrically finite subgroups Reference Wis17, Thm 15.9. By the Tameness Reference Ago04Reference CG06 and Covering Reference Thu80Reference Can96 Theorems all other finitely generated subgroups correspond to virtual fibers, and hence they are separable as well. Very recently, Agol, Groves, and Manning Reference Ago13, Thm 1.1 building on Reference Wis17 proved that the fundamental group of every closed hyperbolic $3$-manifold is virtually compact special and hence all its finitely generated subgroups are separable. For more details, see the survey article Reference AFW15.
Another striking consequence of virtual specialness is virtual fibering. Since special groups are subgroups of right-angled Artin groups, they are subgroups of right-angled Coxeter groups as well Reference HW99Reference DJ00. Agol proved that such groups are virtually residually finite rationally solvable (RFRS) Reference Ago08, Thm 2.2. Then he proved that if the fundamental group of a compact connected oriented irreducible $3$-manifold with toroidal boundary is RFRS, then it virtually fibers Reference Ago08, Thm 5.1. In view of these results, every hyperbolic manifold with toroidal boundary virtually fibers Reference Ago13, Thm 9.2. Similarly, our Theorem 1.1 yields Corollary 1.3.
Liu proved that an aspherical graph manifold has virtually special fundamental group if and only if it admits a nonpositively curved Riemannian metric Reference Liu13, Thm 1.1. Independently and with an eye toward the results presented here, we proved virtual specialness for graph manifolds with nonempty boundary Reference PW14, Cor 1.3. Note that graph manifolds with nonempty boundary carry a nonpositively curved metric by Reference Lee95, Thm 3.2. Our Theorem 1.1 thus resolves the question of virtual specialness for arbitrary compact $3$-manifold groups.
Corollary 1.4 was conjectured by Liu Reference Liu13, Conj 1.3. As discussed above, he proved the conjecture for graph manifolds while for hyperbolic manifolds this follows from Reference Wis17 and Reference Ago13. All mixed manifolds admit a metric of nonpositive curvature, essentially due to Reference Lee95, Thm 3.3, as shown in Reference Bri01, Thm 4.3. Hence Theorem 1.1 resolves Liu’s conjecture in the remaining mixed case. However, the equivalence in Corollary 1.4 appears to be more circumstantial than a consequence of an intrinsic relationship between nonpositive curvature and virtual specialness: all manifolds in question except for certain particular closed graph manifolds have both of these features.
As a consequence of virtual specialness of mixed manifolds (Theorem 1.1), hyperbolic manifolds with nonempty boundary Reference Wis17, Thm 16.28 and graph manifolds with nonempty boundary Reference PW14, Cor 1.3, we have the following.
Note that existence of a nonabelian representation of any nontrivial knot complement group into $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ is a well-known result of Kronheimer and Mrowka Reference KM04.
Organization
As explained in Section 2, the proof of Theorem 1.1 is divided into two steps. The first step is Theorem 2.1 (Cubulation), which roughly states that in any mixed manifold there is a collection of surfaces sufficient for cubulation. In Section 3 we review the construction of surfaces in graph manifolds with boundary. We discuss surfaces in hyperbolic manifolds with boundary in Section 4. We prove Theorem 2.1 in Section 5 by combining the surfaces from graph manifold blocks and hyperbolic blocks.
The second step is Theorem 2.4 (Specialization), which provides the virtual specialness of the nonpositively curved cube complex produced in the first step. In Section 6 we extend some separability results for special cube complexes to the noncompact setting. We apply them in Section 7 to obtain cubical small cancellation results for noncompact special cube complexes. This allows us to prove Theorem 2.4 in Section 8.
Let $M$ be a compact connected oriented irreducible $3$-manifold. By passing to a double cover, we can also assume that $M$ has no $\pi _1$-injective Klein bottles. Moreover, assume that $M$ is not a Sol or Nil manifold. Up to isotopy, $M$ then has a unique minimal collection of incompressible tori not parallel to $\partial M$, called JSJ tori, such that the complementary components called blocks are either algebraically atoroidal or else Seifert fibered Reference Bon02, Thm 3.4. We say that $M$ is mixed if it has at least one JSJ torus and one atoroidal block. (Equivalently, by Perelman’s geometrization, $M$ is not hyperbolic and not a graph manifold.) By Thurston’s hyperbolization all atoroidal blocks are hyperbolic, and we will denote them by $M^{\mathsf{h}}_k$. The JSJ tori adjacent to at least one hyperbolic block are transitional. The complementary components of the union of the hyperbolic blocks are graph manifolds with boundary and will be called graph manifold blocks and denoted by $M^{\mathsf{g}}_i$. Up to a diffeomorphism isotopic to the identity, each of their Seifert fibered blocks admits a unique Seifert fibration that we fix. If a transitional torus is adjacent on both of its sides to hyperbolic blocks, we replace it by two parallel tori (also called JSJ, and transitional) and add the product region $T\times I$ bounded by them as a graph manifold block to the family $\{M^{\mathsf{g}}_i\}$. Similarly, for a boundary torus of $M$ adjacent to a hyperbolic block, we introduce its parallel copy in $M$ (called JSJ, and transitional) and add the product region to $\{M^{\mathsf{g}}_i\}$. These $M^{\mathsf{g}}_i=T\times I$ will be called thin. We will later fix one of many Seifert fibrations on thin $M^{\mathsf{g}}_i$.
Unless stated otherwise, all surfaces are embedded or immersed properly. Let $S\rightarrow M$ be an immersed surface in a $3$-manifold. Let $\widehat{M}\rightarrow M$ be a covering map. A map $\widehat{S}\rightarrow \widehat{M}$ that covers $S\rightarrow M$ and does not factor through another such map is its elevation (it is a lift when $\widehat{S}=S$). A connected oriented surface $S\rightarrow M$ that is not a sphere is immersed incompressible if it is $\pi _1$-injective and its elevation to the universal cover $\widetilde{M}$ of $M$ is an embedding. The surface $S$ is virtually embedded if there is a finite cover $\widehat{M}$ of $M$ with an embedded elevation of $S$. Given a block $B$ and an immersed surface $\phi \colon S\rightarrow M$, a piece of $S$ in $B$ is the restriction of $\phi$ to a component of $\phi ^{-1}(B)$ in $S$.
The elevations of JSJ tori, boundary tori, and transitional tori of $M$ to the universal cover $\widetilde{M}$ are called JSJ planes, boundary planes, and transitional planes, respectively, and we keep the term blocks (hyperbolic, graph manifold, or Seifert fibered) for the elevations of blocks of $M$. We warn that this terminology refers to graph manifold blocks in $\widetilde{M}$ even though they are not compact. Having specified a block $\widetilde{M}_o$ of $\widetilde{M}$ and a surface $\widetilde{S}_o\subset \widetilde{M}_o$, we denote by $\mathcal{T}(\widetilde{S}_o)$ the set of JSJ and boundary planes in $\partial \widetilde{M}_o$ intersecting $\widetilde{S}_o$.
An axis for an element $g\in \pi _1M$ acting on $\widetilde{M}$ is a copy of $\mathbb{R}$ in $\widetilde{M}$ on which $g$ acts by nontrivial translation. A cut-surface for $g\in \pi _1M$ is an immersed incompressible surface $S\rightarrow M$ covered by $\widetilde{S}\subset \widetilde{M}$ such that there is an axis $\mathbb{R}$ for $g$ satisfying $\widetilde{S}\cap \mathbb{R}=\{0\}$, where the intersection is transverse.
To make sense of the term “sufficiently far” in what follows, we fix a Riemannian metric on $M$ and lift it to the universal cover $\widetilde{M}$. Note, however, that satisfying Strong Separation does not depend on the choice of this metric.
We consider the dual $\mathrm{CAT(0)}$ cube complex$\widetilde{X}$ associated to $\mathcal{S}$ by Sageev’s construction. Each $\widetilde{S}\in \widetilde{\mathcal{S}}$ cuts $\widetilde{M}$ into two closed halfspaces $U,V,$ and the collection of pairs $\{U,V\}$ endows $\widetilde{M}$ with a Haglund–Paulin wallspace structure (we follow the treatment of these ideas in Reference HW14, §2.1 where $U\cap V$ is allowed to be nonempty). The group $G=\pi _1M$ acting on $\widetilde{M}$ preserves this structure, and hence it acts on the associated dual CAT(0) cube complex $\widetilde{X}$. The stabilizer in $G$ of a hyperplane in $\widetilde{X}$ coincides with a conjugate of $\pi _1S$ for an appropriate $S\in \mathcal{S}$ by general position. Note that if there is a cut-surface $S\in \mathcal{S}$ for $g\in G$, then $g$ acts freely on $\widetilde{X}$Reference Wis12, Lem 7.16.
If a group $G$ acting freely on a CAT(0) cube complex $\widetilde{X}$ has a finite index subgroup $G'$ such that $G'\backslash \widetilde{X}$ is special, then we say that the action of $G$ on $\widetilde{X}$ is virtually special. This coincides with the definition used in Reference HW10 by the freeness of the action and Reference HW10, Thm 3.5 and Rem 3.6. We prove Theorem 1.1 using the following criterion for virtual specialness. Disjoint hyperplanes osculate if they have dual edges sharing an endpoint.
Criterion 2.3 follows directly from Reference HW10, Thm 4.1, since in Conditions (4) and (5) we require $\mathrm{Stab}(\widetilde{A})$ and $\mathrm{Stab}(\widetilde{A})\mathrm{Stab}(\widetilde{B})$ to be closed in the profinite topology on $G$ and not only to have closures disjoint from certain specified sets as was required in Reference HW10, Thm 4.1.
For each $M^{\mathsf{g}}_i$ we choose one conjugate $P_i$ of $\pi _1M^{\mathsf{g}}_i$ in $G=\pi _1M$. Then $G$ is hyperbolic relative to $\{P_i\}$ (see, e.g., Reference BW13) and we can discuss quasiconvexity of its subgroups relative to $\{P_i\}$ (see, e.g., Reference BW13, Def 2.1). For each $S\in \mathcal{S}$, Theorem 2.1(4) implies that $\pi _1S$ is quasiconvex in $G$ relative to $\{P_i\}$ by Reference Hru10, Cor 1.3 and Reference BW13, Thm 4.16.
Let $\widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{g}}_i\subset \widetilde{M}$ be the elevation of $M^{\mathsf{g}}_i$ stabilized by $P_i$. We describe a convex $P_i$-invariant subcomplex $\widetilde{Y}_i\subset \widetilde{X}$ determined by $\widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{g}}_i$. Let $\mathcal{U}_i$ be the family of halfspaces $U$ in the wallspace $\widetilde{M}$ for which there is some $R>0$ with $\mathrm{diam}(U\cap N_R(\widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{g}}_i))=\infty$, where $N_R$ denotes the $R$-neighborhood. Note that $\mathcal{U}_i$ does not depend on the fixed Riemannian metric on $M$. Let $\widetilde{Y}_i\subset \widetilde{X}$ be the subcomplex consisting of cubes spanned by the vertices whose halfspaces are all in $\mathcal{U}_i$.
By Reference HW14, Thm 7.12 the group $G$acts cocompactly on $\widetilde{X}$ relative to $\{\widetilde{Y}_i\}$ in the following sense. There exists a compact subcomplex $K\subset \widetilde{X}$ such that:
$g\widetilde{Y}_i\cap \widetilde{Y}_j\subset GK$ unless $j=i$ and $g\in P_i$; and
•
$P_i$ acts cocompactly on $\widetilde{Y}_i\cap GK$.
Because $G$ acts freely on $\widetilde{X}$, by Reference HW14, Prop 8.1(1) each $\widetilde{Y}_i$ is superconvex in the sense that there is a uniform bound on the diameter of a rectangle $[-d,d]\times [0,1],$ whose $1$-skeleton isometrically embeds in the $1$-skeleton of $\widetilde{X}$ with $[-d,d]\times \{0\}\subset \widetilde{Y}_i$ and $[-d,d]\times \{1\}$ outside $\widetilde{Y}_i$.
Observe that $G=\pi _1M$ splits as a graph of groups with transitional tori groups as edge groups. The group $G$ is hyperbolic relative to the vertex groups $P_i=\pi _1M_i^{\mathsf{g}}$. We now explain that to prove Theorem 1.1 it suffices to complement Theorem 2.1 with the following.
A codim-$2$-hyperplane in a CAT(0) cube complex is the intersection of a pair of intersecting hyperplanes.
We now derive the hypothesis of Theorem 2.4 from the conclusion of Theorem 2.1. By Theorem 2.1(1), the action of $\pi _1M$ on $\widetilde{X}$ is free. Moreover, since the family $\mathcal{S}$ is finite, Condition (1) of Criterion 2.3 is satisfied. Since $\mathcal{S}$ is in general position, we have finitely many intersection curves between each pair of surfaces in $\mathcal{S}$, which gives Condition (2). We now deduce Condition (3). Disjoint hyperplanes in a CAT(0) cube complex osculate (i.e., have dual edges sharing an endpoint) if and only if they are not separated by another hyperplane. (The “if” part follows from the observation that a hyperplane dual to an edge of a shortest path between the carriers of disjoint hyperplanes separates them.) Similarly, we say that two disjoint surfaces $\widetilde{S},\widetilde{S}'\in \widetilde{\mathcal{S}}$osculate if there is no surface in $\widetilde{\mathcal{S}}$ separating $\widetilde{S}'$ from $\widetilde{S}$. Hence osculating hyperplanes in $\widetilde{X}$ correspond to osculating $\widetilde{S},\widetilde{S}'\in \widetilde{\mathcal{S}}$. We need to show that there are finitely many $\mathrm{Stab}(\widetilde{S})$ orbits of surfaces in $\widetilde{\mathcal{S}}$ osculating with $\widetilde{S}$. Note that if $\widetilde{S}'$ osculates with $\widetilde{S}$, then it must intersect one of the finitely many $\mathrm{Stab}(\widetilde{S})$ orbits of graph manifold and hyperbolic blocks intersected by $\widetilde{S}$, since otherwise it would be separated from $\widetilde{S}$ by a transitional plane $\widetilde{T}$. But $\widetilde{T}\in \widetilde{\mathcal{S}}$ by Theorem 2.1(2), so $\widetilde{S}$ and $\widetilde{S}'$ would not osculate. If both $\widetilde{S}$ and $\widetilde{S}'$ intersect the same block $\widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{g}}_i$, then by Strong Separation (b) of Theorem 2.1(5) they are at bounded distance, and so there are finitely many $\mathrm{Stab}(\widetilde{S})$ orbits. If $\widetilde{S}$ and $\widetilde{S}'$ do not intersect the same graph manifold block but intersect the same block $\widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{h}}_k$, then by Strong Separation (a) of Theorem 2.1(5) they are at bounded distance, hence there are finitely many $\mathrm{Stab}(\widetilde{S})$ orbits as well. This proves Condition (3) of Criterion 2.3. Hence, Hypothesis (i) of Theorem 2.4 is satisfied.
Note that $N\subset \widetilde{T}$ is at a finite Hausdorff distance from a line, since the intersection of the stabilizers of $\widetilde{S}$ and $\widetilde{T}$ is infinite cyclic.
We now verify Hypothesis (iii) of Theorem 2.4, by appealing to Criterion 2.3. The action of $P_i$ on $\widetilde{Y}_i$ is free. By the choice of $\mathcal{U}_i$ in the definition of $\widetilde{Y}_i$, any hyperplane $\widetilde{A}$ intersecting $\widetilde{Y}_i$ corresponds to a surface $\widetilde{S}\in \widetilde{\mathcal{S}}$ that for some $R>0$ has $N_R(\widetilde{S})\cap \widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{g}}_i$ of infinite diameter. Consequently, $\mathrm{Stab}(\widetilde{S})$ nontrivially intersects $P_i=\mathrm{Stab}(\widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{g}}_i)$. By Lemma 2.5 we can assume that $R$ coincides with the one given by Lemma 2.5.
Condition (1) of Criterion 2.3 is immediate. To prove Conditions (2) and (3), it suffices to justify the claim that any pair of surfaces $\widetilde{S},\widetilde{S}'\in \widetilde{\mathcal{S}}$ with $N=N_R(\widetilde{S})\cap \widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{g}}_i,N'=N_R(\widetilde{S}')\cap \widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{g}}_i$ sufficiently far is separated by another surface in $\widetilde{\mathcal{S}}$. If both $\widetilde{S},\widetilde{S}'$ intersect $\widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{g}}_i$, then the claim follows from Strong Separation (b) in Theorem 2.1(5). Otherwise, if one of $\widetilde{S},\widetilde{S}'$ is disjoint from $\widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{g}}_i$ and they are not separated by a JSJ plane, then they both intersect a hyperbolic block $\widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{h}}_k$ adjacent to $\widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{g}}_i$. By Lemma 2.5, for every $r$ if $N$ and $N'$ are sufficiently far, then $\widetilde{S}\cap \widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{h}}_k$ and $\widetilde{S}'\cap \widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{h}}_k$ are at distance $\geq r$ and $\mathcal{T}(\widetilde{S}\cap \widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{h}}_k)\cap \mathcal{T}(\widetilde{S}'\cap \widetilde{M}^{\mathsf{h}}_k)=\emptyset$. Then the claim follows from Strong Separation (a). As a consequence of Condition (2) the complex $\widetilde{Y}_i$ has finitely many $P_i$ orbits of codim-$2$-hyperplanes.
The nontrivial stabilizers in $P_i$ of hyperplanes in $\widetilde{Y}_i$ correspond to either fundamental groups of the pieces of $S$ in $M^{\mathsf{g}}_i$, which are virtually embedded in $M^{\mathsf{g}}_i$ by Theorem 2.1(3) or infinite cyclic subgroups of the fundamental groups of the transitional tori, to which by Reference PW14, Cor 4.3 (or Reference Ham01) we can also associate virtually embedded $\partial$-parallel annuli. All these stabilizers are separable by Reference PW14, Thm 1.1 and double coset separable by Reference PW14, Thm 1.2. Hence we have Conditions (4) and (5) of Criterion 2.3, and by Criterion 2.3 the action of $P_i$ on $\widetilde{Y}_i$ is virtually special. This is Hypothesis (iii).
Hypothesis (iv) follows from the following.
3. Surfaces in graph manifold blocks
The goal of the next three sections is to prove Theorem 2.1 (Cubulation). We first review the existence results for surfaces in graph manifolds with boundary. Let $M^{\mathsf{g}}$ be a graph manifold, i.e., a compact connected oriented irreducible $3$-manifold with only Seifert fibered blocks in its JSJ decomposition. Assume $\partial M^{\mathsf{g}}\neq \emptyset$. If $M^{\mathsf{g}}$ is Seifert fibered, then an immersed incompressible surface $S\rightarrow M^{\mathsf{g}}$ is horizontal if it is transverse to the fibers and vertical if it is a union of fibers. An immersed incompressible surface $S\rightarrow M^{\mathsf{g}}$ that is not a $\partial$-parallel annulus is assumed to be homotoped so that its pieces are horizontal or vertical.
Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a family of properly embedded essential arcs and curves in a compact hyperbolic surface $\widehat{\Sigma }$ with geodesic boundary. We say that $\mathcal{F}$strongly fills (resp. fills) $\widehat{\Sigma }$ if the complementary components on $\widehat{\Sigma }$ of the geodesic representatives of the arcs and curves in $\mathcal{F}$ are discs (resp. discs or annuli parallel to the components of $\partial \widehat{\Sigma }$). This does not depend on the choice of the hyperbolic metric on $\widehat{\Sigma }$.
To prove Strong Separation in Theorem 2.1 (Cubulation), we will need the following WallNbd-WallNbd Separation property in blocks.
The following is easy to prove directly, but for uniformity of our arguments, we will deduce it in Section 4 from Criterion 4.3.
Let $\Sigma$ be the base orbifold of a non-thin block $B\subset M^{\mathsf{g}}$. The fundamental groups of the components of $\partial \Sigma$ intersect trivially. Thus by the compactness of the base arcs of the annular vertical pieces of $\mathcal{S}^{\mathsf{g}}$ in $B$, we have the following analogue of Lemma 2.5.
We now review the existence results for surfaces in hyperbolic blocks. First we establish a hyperbolic analogue of Proposition 3.1.
4.1. WallNbd-WallNbd Separation
We now describe a tool from Reference HW14 for verifying WallNbd-WallNbd Separation in relatively hyperbolic spaces.
The hypothesis of Ball-Ball Separation can be verified using the following.
Consequently, Criterion 4.3(a) and Lemma 4.4(a) yield Lemma 3.5.
Let $\partial _t M^{\mathsf{h}}\subset \partial M^{\mathsf{h}}$ denote the union of toroidal boundary components.
4.2. Capping off surfaces
We will need one more crucial piece of information concerning the existence of surfaces in hyperbolic blocks with designated boundary circles.
In the proof we will need the following relative version of the Special Quotient Theorem.
We will also use the following combination theorem.
5. Cubulation
In this section we combine the surfaces described in the graph manifold blocks and hyperbolic blocks. To prove Theorem 2.1 (Cubulation) we need the following:
We can allow $S$ to be disconnected. We can also allow annular components but obviously require that the integers $n_C$ coincide for both boundary circles of such a component.
6. Separability in special cube complexes
The goal of the next three sections is to prove Theorem 2.4 (Specialization). We begin with reviewing the definition of a special cube complex.
6.1. Special cube complexes
Note that we do not require special cube complexes to be compact. However, in this article we will always assume that they have finitely many hyperplanes.
The generators of the Artin group correspond to the hyperplanes of $X$. Each edge of $X$ dual to a hyperplane $A\subset X$ is mapped by the local isometry to an edge of $R(X)$ labeled by the generator corresponding to $A$. Note that $R(X)$ is compact special.
Our goal is to revisit and strengthen hyperplane separability and double hyperplane separability established in Reference HW08 for compact special cube complexes. The starting point and the main tool is the following.
If one first subdivides $X$ (or takes an appropriate cover) to eliminate indirect self-osculations, then the canonical retraction can be made cellular.
All paths that we discuss in $X$ are assumed to be combinatorial. Let $\vert \!\vert X \vert \!\vert$ denote the minimum of the lengths of essential closed paths in $X$ or $\infty$ if $X$ is contractible.
Note that the above property is preserved when passing to further covers.
6.2. Separability
A subgroup $H$ of a group $G$ is separable if for each $g\in G-H$, there is a finite index subgroup $F$ of $G$ with $g\notin FH$.
In the compact case, Lemma 6.7 and the following consequence was proved in Reference HW08, Cor 9.7 using Theorem 6.3. Note that the conclusion of Lemma 6.7 is preserved when passing to further covers.
6.3. Double coset separability
Let $H_1,H_2\subset G$ be subgroups of a group $G$. The double coset$H_1H_2$ is separable if for each $g\in G- H_1H_2$ there is a finite index subgroup $F$ of $G$ with $g\notin FH_1H_2$.
In particular $A$ is $0$-locally finite if there are finitely many $\mathrm{Stab(A)}$ orbits of hyperplanes intersecting $\widetilde{A}$. If, additionally, there are finitely many $\mathrm{Stab(A)}$ orbits of hyperplanes osculating with $\widetilde{A}$, then $A$ is $1$-locally finite.
While Lemma 6.10 could be avoided in the proof of Theorem 1.1, we include it to shed more light on double hyperplane separability.
When we have a map $N(Q)\rightarrow N(A)$, a path in $N(A)$starting (resp. ending) at a vertex $v$ of $N(Q)$ is a path that starts (resp. ends) at the image of $v$ in $N(A)$.
Note that this property is preserved when passing to further covers. In particular, we can arrange that it holds for all $A,B$ and $Q$ simultaneously.
7. Background on cubical small cancellation
In this section we review the main theorem of cubical small cancellation Reference Wis17. It will be used in the proof of Theorem 2.4 (Specialization).
7.1. Pieces
Let $X$ be a nonpositively curved cube complex. Let $\{Y_i\rightarrow X\}$ be a collection of local isometries of nonpositively curved cube complexes. The pair $\langle X|\{Y_i\rightarrow X\}\rangle$, or briefly $\langle X|Y_i\rangle$, is a cubical presentation. Its group is $\pi _1X/ \langle \!\langle \{\pi _1Y_i\}\rangle \!\rangle$ which equals $\pi _1X^*$, where $X^*$ is obtained from $X$ by attaching cones along the $Y_i$. Let $\overline{X}=\langle \!\langle \{\pi _1Y_i\}\rangle \!\rangle \backslash \widetilde{X}$ denote the cover of $X$ in the universal cover $\widetilde{X}^*$ of $X^*$.
An abstract cone-piece in $Y_i$ of $Y_j$ is the intersection $P=\widetilde{Y}_i\cap \widetilde{Y}'_j$ of some elevations $\widetilde{Y}_i, \widetilde{Y}'_j$ of $Y_i,Y_j$ to the universal cover $\widetilde{X}$ of $X$. In the case where $j=i,$ we require that the elevations are distinct in the sense that for the projections $P\rightarrow Y_i,Y_j$ there is no automorphism $Y_i\rightarrow Y_j$ such that the following diagram commutes.
$$\begin{array}{ccc} P & \rightarrow & Y_i \\ \downarrow & \swarrow & \downarrow \\ Y_j & \rightarrow & X \end{array}$$
Note that an abstract cone-piece in $Y_i$ actually lies in $\widetilde{Y}_i$.
Let $\widetilde{A}$ be a hyperplane in $\widetilde{X}$ disjoint from $\widetilde{Y}_i$. An abstract wall-piece in $Y_i$ is the intersection $\widetilde{Y}_i\cap N(\widetilde{A})$. An abstract piece is an abstract cone-piece or an abstract wall-piece.
A path $\alpha \rightarrow Y_i$ is a piece in $Y_i$ if it lifts to $\widetilde{Y}_i$ into an abstract piece in $Y_i$. We then denote by $|\alpha |_{Y_i}$ the combinatorial distance between the endpoints of a lift of $\alpha$ to $\widetilde{Y}_i$, i.e., the length of a geodesic path in $Y_i$ path-homotopic to $\alpha$.
The cubical presentation $\langle X|Y_i\rangle$ satisfies the $C'(\frac{1}{n})$ small cancellation condition if $|\alpha |_{Y_i} < \frac{1}{n}\vert \!\vert Y_i \vert \!\vert$ for each piece $\alpha$ in $Y_i$. Recall that $\vert \!\vert Y_i \vert \!\vert$ denotes the minimum of the lengths of essential closed paths in $Y_i$.
7.2. Ladder Theorem
A disc diagram$D$ is a compact contractible $2$-complex with a fixed embedding in $\mathbb{R}^2$. Its boundary path$\partial _\mathsf{p}D$ is the attaching map of the cell at $\infty$. The diagram is spurless if $D$ does not have a spur, i.e., a vertex contained in only one edge. If $X$ is a combinatorial complex, a disc diagram in $X$ is a combinatorial map of a disc diagram into $X$.
Let $D\rightarrow \widetilde{X}^*$ be a disc diagram with a boundary path $\partial _\mathsf{p}D\rightarrow \overline{X}$. Note that the $2$-cells of $\widetilde{X}^*$ are squares or triangles, where the latter have exactly one vertex at a cone-point. The triangles in $D$ are grouped together into cone-cells around these cone-points. The complexity of $D$ is the pair of numbers $(\#$ cone-cells of $D, \#$ squares of $D)$ with lexicographic order.
In addition to spurs, there are two other types of positive curvature features in $\partial _\mathsf{p}D$:shells and cornsquares. A cone-cell $C$ adjacent to $\partial _\mathsf{p}D$ is a shell if $\partial C\cap \partial _\mathsf{p}D$ (outer path) is connected and its complement in $\partial C$ (inner path) is a concatenation of $\leq 6$ pieces. A pair of consecutive edges of $\partial _\mathsf{p}D$ is a cornsquare if the carriers of their dual hyperplanes intersect at a square and surround a square subdiagram, i.e., a subdiagram all of whose $2$-cells are squares. A ladder is a disc diagram that is the concatenation of cone-cells and rectangles with cone-cells or spurs at extremities, as in Figure 2. A single cone-cell is not a ladder, while a single edge is a ladder. The following summarizes the main results of cubical small cancellation theory.
The following consequence allows us to identify $Y_i$ with any of its lifts to $\overline{X}$.
7.3. Small cancellation quotients
We now prove that in small cancellation quotients we can separate elements from cosets and double cosets. We also prove a convexity result for carriers.
8. Specialization
In this section we prove Theorem 2.4 (Specialization).
Acknowledgments
We thank Stefan Friedl for his remarks and corrections. We also thank the referee for detailed comments that helped us clarify the proof.
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author={Agol, Ian},
title={Criteria for virtual fibering},
journal={J. Topol.},
volume={1},
date={2008},
number={2},
pages={269--284},
issn={1753-8416},
review={\MR {2399130}},
doi={10.1112/jtopol/jtn003},
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Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Śniadeckich 8, 00-656 Warsaw, Poland; and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0B9
The first author was partially supported by MNiSW grant N201 012 32/0718, the Foundation for Polish Science, National Science Centre DEC-2012/06/A/ST1/00259 and UMO-2015/18/M/ST1/00050, NSERC and FRQNT.
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